Gemma Estrada

Senior Economics Officer, ADB Office of the Chief Economist and Director General, Economic Research and Development Impact Department

For 10 years, Gemma has been involved in the publication of the Asian Development Outlook and helped produce its thematic chapters, including structural change, old-age security, inclusive fiscal policy, financial development, and the middle-income challenge. Currently, she is involved in the publication of the Asian Development Review.

Corruption tends to dampen the entrepreneurial prospects of developing economies. Photo: Roman Synkevych

Does Corruption Discourage Entrepreneurship?

In economies where government officials can be bribed, or other acts of corruption undertaken to start a business or innovate, entrepreneurship is less likely to thrive.

Donghyun Park, Gemma Estrada, Yuho Myoda

A more volatile global economic landscape has left individual economies more vulnerable to external shocks.

The Global Financial Crisis and Middle-Income Countries

To withstand external shocks and sustain growth, middle-income countries need to get the basics right on manufacturing, currency management, and education.

Donghyun Park, Shu Tian, Gemma Estrada, Yothin Jinjarak